Periodontitis

Definition

Periodontitis is a set of inflammatory diseases affecting the periodontium—the tissues that surround and support the teeth. It involves progressive loss of the alveolar bone around the teeth, and if left untreated, can lead to the loosening and subsequent loss of teeth.

Pathogenesis

Periodontitis is caused by microorganisms that adhere to and grow on the tooth's surfaces (notably dental plaque or biofilm), along with an overly aggressive immune response against these microorganisms.

Stages

1. Gingivitis: The precursor to periodontitis, characterized by inflammation of the gums without bone loss.
2. Slight Periodontitis: Early bone loss and pocket depth of 3–4 mm.
3. Moderate Periodontitis: Increased bone loss and pocket depth of 5–7 mm.
4. Advanced Periodontitis: Severe bone loss, tooth mobility, and pocket depths exceeding 7 mm.

Treatment

• Non-surgical: Scaling and root planing (SRP) to remove biofilm and calculus.
• Surgical: Flap surgery, bone grafts, and guided tissue regeneration (GTR).